Figure 1 The boundary layer in the high-pressure regions over land. (See Figure 1.7 Stull Ronald B., 1988 ). Omitted due to copyright limitations. Figure 2 HYSPLIT . A single forward and a single backward trajectory for an air parcel passing over Hail Creek on 20190914 at 23Z. TROPOMI . Orbit 09956. Processor 010302. Figure 3 SRTM 9s topography over domain Hutchinson, et al., 2008 . Coal mines operating in FY2018, 2019 and 2020 Coal Industry Statistical Tables FY 2010 - current . Black dots describe mine location from location from Google Maps. (C. L. Imagery @2025 Airbus, Producer, & Google) .The green dot is Moranbah AWS .Figure 4 SRTM 9s topography Hutchinson, et al., 2008 . Detail of the previous image.Figure 5 Moranbah AWS wind rose for period 2018-01-01 to 2021-07-29. (Data from Bureau of Meteorology) Figure 6 Hail Creek mine. Production data for FY 2010 - 2025. Coal Industry Statistical Tables FY 2010 - current Figure 7 Synthetic example of masking. Figure 8 CSF . The initial downwind box, the adjusted downwind box and the upwind box for default configuration TROPOMI . Orbit 09956. Processor 010302Figure 9 CSF . Pixels used in transect calculation. Default configuration. TROPOMI . Orbit 09956. Processor 010302.Figure 10 CSF . Emission rate for transects. TROPOMI . Orbit 09956. Processor 010302.Figure 11 TROPOMI image centred at Hail Creek mine. Orbit 02990. Processor 01020.Figure 12 CSF . Background box contains emissions from other sources. TROPOMI . Orbit 02990. Processor 010200.Figure 13 TROPOMI image centred at Hail Creek mine. Orbit 06906. Processor 010202.Figure 14 CSF . Valid pixels. TROPOMI . Orbit 06906. Processor 010202.Figure 15 CSF . Positive pixels. TROPOMI Orbit 06906.Processor 010202.Figure 16 TROPOMI image centred at HailCreek mine. Orbit 11020. Processor 010302.Figure 17 CSF . Valid pixels. Downwind box contains emissions from other sources. TROPOMI . Orbit 11020.Processor 010302.Figure 18 Analog of Figure 2 from Sadavarte, et al., 2021 using all values for which algorithm reproduction completedsuccessfully. Figure 19 Analog of Figure 2 from Sadavarte, et al., 2021 using calculations filtered for at least 15 positive pixels and atmost 70 pixels in downwind box. Figure 20 Geometrical relationship between domain and selected pixels. Domain is represented as a brown rectangle. Pixels are represented as blue rectangles with scan index i and pixel index j to j + 2. Figure 21 CSF . Comparison of background calculation for different geometries. TROPOMI . Orbit 09956. Processor 010302.Figure 22 Enhancement calculation for synthetic concentration and 3 assumed background values Figure 23 CSF . Box analysis for minimum emission rate q=20.030 in configuration comparison. TROPOMI . Orbit 09956. Processor 010302.Figure 24 CSF . Box analysis for maximum emission rate q=61.457 in configuration comparison. TROPOMI . Orbit 09956. Processor 010302.Figure 25 Mean Sea Level Pressure from 2019-09-14 12Z to 2019-09-15 06Z. BoM Chart Archive 2025 . Figure 26 TROPOMI image centred at Hail Creek mine. Orbit 09956. Processor 010302.Figure 27 TROPOMI image centred at Hail Creek mine. Orbit 09956. Processor 020400.Figure 28 HYSPLIT Green points mark endpoints of forward trajectories released between 2019091404Z and 2019091503Z at 2019091504Z. TROPOMI . Orbit 09956. Processor 010302.Figure 29 HYSPLIT Emission puffs originating at Hail Creek between 2019091409 and 2019091503. TROPOMI . Orbit 09956. Processor 010302.Figure 30 TROPOMI image 24 hours before orbit 09956. Orbit 09942. Processor 010302.Figure 31 HYSPLIT emission puffs at 20190914 04Z which would mix with emissions at Hail Creek between 20190914 05Z and 20190915 03Z. TROPOMI . Orbit 09942. Processor 010302.Figure 32 HYSPLIT Location of background values for emission puffs between 20190914 04Z and 20190914 09Z. TROPOMI . Orbit 09942.Processor 010302.Figure 33 CSF . Positive pixels. TROPOMI . Orbit 09956. Processor 020400.Figure 34 TM . Plume shape determined using CSF with background set to 1812 (ppb). TROPOMI . Orbit 09956. Processor 010302.Figure 35 TM . Plume shape determined using CSF with background set to 1815 (ppb). TROPOMI . Orbit 09956. Processor 010302.Figure 36 TM . Plume shape determined using CSF with background set to 1820 (ppb). TROPOMI . Orbit 09956. Processor 010302.Figure 37 MSLP Analysis from 2019-12-20 12Z to 2019-12-21 06Z. BoM Chart Archive 2025 .Figure 38 TROPOMI image centred at Hail Creek mine. Orbit 11332. Processor 010302.Figure 39 HYSPLIT Location of emission puffs from Hail Creek emitted every hour between 2019122004Z and 2019122103Z at 2019122104Z. TROPOMI . Orbit 11332. Processor 010302.Figure 40 HYSPLIT Location of emission puffs from Hail Creek emitted every hour between 2019122004Z and 2019122103Z at for 2019122104Z. TROPOMI . Orbit 11332. Processor 010302.Figure 41 HYSPLIT . Location of background puffs reaching Hail Creek every hour between 2019122005Z and 2019122009Z. TROPOMI . Orbit 11318. Processor 010302.Figure 42 CSF . Valid pixels. TROPOMI . Orbit 11332. Processor 010302.Figure 43 CSF . Positive pixels. TROPOMI . Orbit 11332. Processor 010302.Figure 44 CSF . Emission rate for transects. TROPOMI . Orbit 11332, Processor 010302.Figure 45 MSLP Analysis from 2019-08-09 12Z to 2019-08-10 06Z. BoM Chart Archive 2025 .Figure 46 TROPOMI image centred at HailCreek mine. Orbit 09945. Processor 010302.Figure 47 HYSPLIT forward trajectories. Hourly emission puffs emitted between 20190810 00Z and 20190810 03Z. TROPOMI . Orbit 09445, Processor 010302.Figure 48 HYSPLIT backward trajectories. Hourly background puffs emitted at 2019080904Z reaching Hail Creek mine between 2019080904Z and 201081003Z. TROPOMI . Orbit 09431. Processor 010302.Figure 49 HYSPLIT backward trajectories. Location of background air parcels emitted at 20190809 4Z which will mix with Hail Creek mine emissions between 2019080923Z and 2019081002Z. Detail of the previous image.Figure 50 CSF . Valid pixels. TROPOMI . Orbit 09445. Processor 010302.Figure 51 CSF . Positive pixels. TROPOMI . Orbit 09445. Processor 010302.Figure 52 CSF . Transects. TROPOMI Orbit 09445. Processor 010302.